SÜLEYMAN ŞAH
UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT
OF SOCIOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT
OF READING AND WRITING SKILLS
CHILD LABOUR
Selime
TURHAN
130102011
Onur Kadir
URAL
ISTANBUL -
2014
Pattern and Graph List 3
Picture List 4
INTRO 5
2. CHILD LABOUR 5
2.1 Child Labour in the Past 6
2.2 Causes of Child Labour 6
2.3 The Eliminating of Child Labour 9
REFERENCES 11
Pattern and Graph List
Graph 1: Percentage of children aged 5–14 engaged in child labour
Picture List
Picture 1:
http://www.gandhiforchildren.org/child-labour-the-worst-menace-of-all-time.html ...........................5
Picture 2:
http://www.afriem.org/2014/09/schools-can-end-child-labour-govt/ ...................................................6
Picture 3:
http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-worst-forms-of-child-labour-in-asia/20121122.htm#12 ..........................................................................................................................9
CHILD LABOUR
In our world child labour is a human exploitation for many countries and it is continues to be a major problem. Child labour is any work done by children that is exploitative—that is, work that takes advantage of them, is hazardous, keeps them from getting an education, or is harmful to their health and development (physical, mental, spiritual, social). Most child labourers are in the informal economic sector; they aren't protected by laws and regulations. (http://www.worldvision.org/) This problem is observed comprehensively by international organizations. A new results of research by the International Labour Organization (ILO), Marking progress against child labour, says that the global number of child labourers has declined by one third since 2000, from 246 million to 168 million. But even the latest improved rate of decline is not enough to achieve the goal of eliminating the worst forms of child labour by 2016 – agreed by the international community through the ILO. (ILO News) “We are moving in the right direction but progress is still too slow. If we are serious about ending the scourge of child labour in the foreseeable future, we need a substantial stepping-up of efforts at all levels. There are 168 million good reasons to do so,” says ILO Director-General Guy Ryder. According to this reports child labour is reducing but there are a lot of child workers in the world. Actually, child labour was a condition that has been continuing for the past.
Noura Ahmed (age 10) works as a labourer at Sakely camp, South Darfur, carrying mud bricks for construction. She lugs up to 500 bricks and earns the equivalent of US$2.00 each day. (Photo ©2009 Dan Teng'o/World Vision)
Child Labour in the Past
Child workers have been used throughout history but it is not seen in the past. After that changes in working conditions during industrialization and the emergence of children's rights attracted the attention of the public. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour)
http://www.gandhiforchildren.org/child-labour-the-worst-menace-of-all-time.html
(Child labour in the industrial revolution)
Causes of Child Labour
International Labour Organisation (ILO) suggests poverty is the greatest single cause behind child labour. For impoverished households, income from a child's work is usually crucial for his or her own survival or for that of the household. Income from working children, even if small, may be between 25 to 40% of these household income. Other scholars such as Harsch on African child labour, and Edmonds and Pavcnik on global child labour have reached the same conclusion. (Eric V. Edmonds and Nina Pavcnik (Winter 2005). "Child Labour in the Global Economy". Journal of Economic Perspectives 19 (1): 199–220.) Children of poor families are forced to work for basic necessities because more than one-fourth of the world's people live in extreme poverty, according to 2005 U.N. statistics.
Another reason is that, free education is limited. In 2006, approximately 75 million children were not in school, limiting future opportunities for the children and their communities. A 2009 report by the United Nations estimated that achieving universal education for the world's children would cost $10-30 billion -- about 0.7% - 2.0% of the annual cost of global military spending. (Centre for International Business and Research at the University of Washington, in conjunction with the World Affairs Council of Seattle) Third reason is that, laws and practices are often inadequate. Child labour continues despite the law. Employers make it secretly continued because the controls are not tight. In some countries, law is not sufficient for child labour because of this children using for work. For examples, in Nepal laws say that, ‘minimum ages of 14 for most work... plantations and brick kilns are exempt.’ (Government of Nepal National Planning Commission) Workers' rights were suppressed. For instance, in 2010, 5,000 workers were fired and 2,500 workers were arrested as a result of their union activity, according to the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. Last reason is that, the global economy effects of some factors. Competitions expand across borders; countries often compete for jobs, investment, and industry. This competition sometimes law child labour reform by inciting corporations and governments to seek low labour costs by resisting international standards. (Centre for International Business and Research)
Percentage of children aged 5–14 engaged in child labour
(http://data.unicef.org/child-protection/child-labour)
Children at work world map: proportion of children aged 5 to 14 who are involved in a form of child work.Incidence rates for child labour worldwide, per World Bank data. The data is incomplete, as many countries do not collect or report child labour data (coloured grey). The colour code is as follows: yellow (<10% of children working), green (10–20%), orange (20–30%), red (30–40%) and black (>40%). Some nations such as Guinea-Bissau, Mali and Ethiopia have more than half of all children aged 5–14 at work to make ends meet.
http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_221568/lang--en/index.htm)
- Between 2008 and 2012, child labour among children aged 5-17 years declined in Asia and the Pacific, Latin American and the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa regions.
- Asia and the Pacific registered by far the largest decline, from 114 million in 2008 to 78 million in 2012.
- The number of child labourers also decreased in Sub-Saharan Africa (by 6 million), and modestly in Latin America and the Caribbean (by 1.6 million).
- There are 9.2 million child labourers in the Middle East and North Africa.
The Eliminating of Child Labour
Child labour is a crime against humanity. Everyone needs to be aware of this issue because children should be at home with their family. They should play game with their friends. Every children around the world need love because of this all people should pay attention to this problem. Many organizations are working to attract people's attention and pass the hat. Social historian Hugh Cunningham, author of Children and Childhood in Western Society Since 1500, notes that: "Fifty years ago it might have been assumed that, just as child labour had declined in the developed world in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, so it would also, in a trickle-down fashion, in the rest of the world. Its failure to do that, and its re-emergence in the developed world, raise questions about its role in any economy, whether national or global." (Hugh Cunningham, "The Employment and Unemployment of Children in England c.1680–1851." Past and Present. Feb. 1990.) According to Thomas DeGregori, an economics professor at the University of Houston, in an article published by the Cato Institute, a libertarian think-tank operating in Washington D.C., "it is clear that technological and economic change are vital ingredients in getting children out of the workplace and into schools. Then they can grow to become productive adults and live longer, healthier lives. However, in poor countries like Bangladesh, working children are essential for survival in many families, as they were in our own heritage until the late 19th century. So, while the struggle to end child labour is necessary, getting there often requires taking different routes—and, sadly, there are many political obstacles. ( DeGregori, Thomas R., "Child Labour or Child Prostitution?" Cato Institute.) The International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), founded in 1992, aims to eliminate child labour. It operates in 88 countries and is the largest program of its kind in the world. IPEC works with international and government agencies, NGOs, the media, and children and their families to end child labour and provide children with education and assistance. (About the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC)) From 2008 to 2013, the ILO operated a program through International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) titled "Combating Abusive Child Labour (CACL-II) ". The project, funded by the European Union, contributed to the Government of Pakistan by providing alternative opportunities for vocational training and education to children withdrawn from the worst forms of child labour. (Combating Abusive Child Labour II) According to these results, child labour is harmful to society and children. People live together so everyone is affected by what other people do because of this people should work together to come over this problem.
Activism poster to prevent Child Labour, United States early 20th century. Lewis Hine used photography to help bring attention to child labour in America. He created this poster in 1914 with an appeal about child labour. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour)
REFERENCES
1) Church World Service, 1-800-297-1516, www.churchworldservice.org / Eunice Cudzewicz, Medical Mission Sisters, 8400 Pine Rd., Philadelphia, PA 19111-1398
2) George Meany Center for Labour Studies – National Labour College, in collaboration with the Child Labour Coalition
3) Lynda de Loach, Labour in the Schools, George Meany Memorial Archives, 10000 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, (301) 431-5441,www.georgemeany.org/archives/labor.html
4) IPEC, International Labour Office, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
5) Resource Center of the Americas, 3019 Minnehaha Ave., Minneapolis bookstore@americas.org
6) Bureau for Workers Activities, International Labour Office, 4, route des Morillons
7) Child Labour retrieved from ‘Child labour public education’
8) Child Labour In Wikipedia retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour
9) "What is child labour?" retrieved from International Labour Organisation. 2012.
10) Jane Humphries, Childhood And Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution (2010) p 33
11) Child Labour retrieved from http://www.worldvision.org/
12) Child Labour retrieved from http://data.unicef.org/child-protection/child-labour
